The unified linkage model: A new lens for understanding cyber risk

The Unified Linkage Model: Understanding Cyber Risk

Cyber threats spread through connections, not just systems. The Unified Linkage Model (ULM) reveals how hidden links fuel real risk.

A notable example is the 2023 Okta breach, where stolen support credentials rippled outward through SaaS integrations, legacy applications, and development pipelines.

Most security programs fail to model these linkages, despite having extensive data, including asset inventories and threat intelligence feeds.

The issue lies not in visibility, but in structure, leading to major incidents that catch organizations off guard.

The ULM shows why neglecting these linkages is a problem.

Author's summary: The ULM offers a new perspective on cyber risk.

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CSO Online CSO Online — 2025-10-31

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